Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
9.1 Introduction......................................................................9-2
Air-conditioning • Air-Conditioning Systems • Air-
Conditioning Project Development and System Design
9.2 Psychrometrics ...............................................................9-11
Moist Air • Humidity and Enthalpy • Moist Volume, Density,
Specific Heat, and Dew Point • Thermodynamic Wet Bulb
Temperature and Wet Bulb Temperature • Psychometric Charts
9.3 Air-Conditioning Processes and Cycles ........................9-18
Air-Conditioning Processes • Space Conditioning, Sensible
Cooling, and Sensible Heating Processes • Humidifying and
Cooling and Dehumidifying Processes • Air-Conditioning
Cycles and Operating Modes
9.4 Refrigerants and Refrigeration Cycles ..........................9-34
Refrigeration and Refrigeration Systems • Refrigerants,
Cooling Mediums, and Absorbents • Classification of
Refrigerants • Required Properties of Refrigerants • Ideal
Single-Stage Vapor Compression Cycle • Coefficient of
Performance of Refrigeration Cycle • Subcooling and
Superheating • Refrigeration Cycle of Two-Stage Compound
Systems with a Flash Cooler • Cascade System Characteristics
9.5 Outdoor Design Conditions and Indoor
Design Criteria ...............................................................9-48
Outdoor Design Conditions • Indoor Design Criteria and
Thermal Comfort • Indoor Temperature, Relative Humidity,
and Air Velocity • Indoor Air Quality and Outdoor Ventilation
Air Requirements
9.6 Load Calculations ..........................................................9-54
Space Loads • Moisture Transfer in Building Envelope •
Cooling Load Calculation Methodology • Conduction Heat
Gains • Internal Heat Gains • Conversion of Heat Gains into
Cooling Load by TFM • Heating Load
9.7 Air Handling Units and Packaged Units .......................9-65
Terminals and Air Handling Units • Packaged Units • Coils •
Air Filters • Humidifiers
9.8 Refrigeration Components and
Evaporative Coolers .......................................................9-76
Refrigeration Compressors • Refrigeration Condensers •
Evaporators and Refrigerant Flow Control Devices •
Evaporative Coolers
9.9 Water Systems................................................................9-87
Types of Water Systems • Basics • Water Piping • Plant-
Building Loop • Plant-Distribution-Building Loop
9.10 Heating Systems.............................................................9-95
Types of Heating Systems
9.11 Refrigeration Systems..................................................9-103
Classifications of Refrigeration Systems
9.12 Thermal Storage Systems ............................................9-114
Thermal Storage Systems and Off-Peak Air-Conditioning
Systems • Ice-Storage Systems • Chilled-Water Storage
Systems
9.13 Air System Basics........................................................9-120
Fan-Duct Systems • System Effect • Modulation of Air Systems
• Fan Combinations in Air-Handling Units and Packaged Units
• Fan Energy Use • Year-Round Operation and Economizers •
Outdoor Ventilation Air Supply
9.14 Absorption Systems .....................................................9-130
Double-Effect Direct-Fired Absorption Chillers • Absorption
Cycles, Parallel-, Series-, and Reverse-Parallel Flow
9.15 Air-Conditioning Systems and Selection.....................9-135
Basics in Classification • Individual Systems • Packaged
Systems • Central Systems • Air-Conditioning System
Selection • Comparison of Various Systems • Subsystems •
Energy Conservation Recommendations
9.16 Desiccant Dehumidification and
Air-Conditioning ..........................................................9-152
Introduction • Sorbents and Desiccants • Dehumidification •
Liquid Spray Tower • Solid Packed Tower • Rotary Desiccant
Dehumidifiers • Hybrid Cycles • Solid Desiccant Air-
Conditioning • Conclusions
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